1.2.4 Adjectives (adj.) and Adverbs (adv.)
Adjectives are words that describe other things, generally nouns. Adverbs describe or modify the action of the entire sentence and can be viewed as modifying the verb. One notable feature of Sindarin adjectives is that they generally appear after the nouns they modify. Here is a sample of Sindarin adjectives and adverbs with their meanings:
Note ¹: “tond”, and “anuir” are Neo-Sindarin. “tond” a loan word from Noldorin and “anuir” created by Elaran from an “to, for” + uir “eternity”.
Adjectives usually come before the noun they modify, but adverbs can be placed more freely. For example:
Note ²: i-Edhel thalion. “The strong elf.” and i-Aew luin. “The blue bird.” are both ambiguous. They can both mean “The elf is strong.” and “The bird is blue.” This applies to any adjective standing in this situation if it cannot overtly show lenition.
1.2.4.1 Plural Adjectives: Sindarin adjectives are inflected into the plural to agree with their noun: i-Edhel thalion. “The strong elf.” → in-Edhil thelyn.“The strong elves.”. More examples:
1.2.4.2 “To Be” Statements: In English, “to be” statements are phrased with some form of the verb “to be” as in “you are wise”, “Elrond [is] an elf. In linguistics a word like “is” or “are” are called a “copula”, which is a simply a small linking word connecting the subject (you, Elrond) to its predicate (wise, an Elf). The Elvish languages are notable in that they do not normally use a copula word in such sentences: the subject and predicate are simply placed next to each other with no joining word (in linguistics this is referred to as a “zero copula”). In other words, the verb “to be” in Elvish languages is frequently optional, and this seems to be true of Sindarin as well.
Based on examples like these, it has become a popular notion in Neo-Sindarin that the copula na- is not merely “optional” as it is in Quenya but is in fact almost never used. Based on this theory, many Neo-Sindarin writers use an independent pronoun together with its predicate for “to be” statements that use pronouns:
Not much can be said for certain about “to be” statement in Sindarin, but it is recommended to use the following for Neo-Sindarin writing:
Other examples:
The same construction can be used to equate two nouns, as well as nouns modified by adjectives:
Note ¹: The English phrase “The elves are sleeping” superficially resembles a “to be” sentence in English, but it isn’t. Here the “are” is a helping verb for the present continuous formation “are sleeping”. Therefore, its Sindarin translation uses the present tense, i-Edhil lerir., and not the “to be” construction described above.
1.2.4.3 Adverbs: Like English, adverbs modify the entire phrase and typically follow the verb: i-edhel lôr anuir. “The elf sleeps forever.” The adverb may appear elsewhere in the sentence, however:
Note ¹: Sentence two is up for debate. If the adverb precedes the verb (which it can), some think the verb should be lenited – but others disagree.
Note ²: There are some Neo-Sindarin writers that believe it is better to use sí (for both “here” and “now”). This may be contentious.
It is generally assumed that, like English, Sindarin adverbs can modify adjectives and when they do, they precede those adjectives: Megil vae-vell. “A well-loved sword.” or Mae vell i-Megil. “The sword [is] well loved.”. Here the adverb causes the adjective to be lenited; this is independent of the lenition of the adjective or adjectival phrase when it modifies a noun attributively.
One peculiar feature of Sindarin is that adjectives may sometimes function as adverbs, in which case they follow the verb: i-Orch nôr lim. “The orc is running swift (= swiftly)”. This is subtly different from i-Orch lim nôr. “The swift orc is running” which of course is ambiguous, so perhaps you could also say Nôr i-Orch lim.
1.2.4.4 Section Summary:
Exercise 1.3
Translate the following into English:
Translate the following into Sindarin:
Answers are in Answer Key 1.3.